The article examines the problem of the relationship between universal and specific forms of cultural–historical development of mental processes. From different methodological approaches, the author prefers an activity approach which emphasizes genetic primacy of external practical activity. This approach allows, according to the author, universality of internalization and at the same time ethnic uniqueness of mental processes. The article clarifies the problem of internalization through two practical examples: 1) the development of mental counting actions and 2) the process of human goal setting. 相似文献
The development of habitat suitability models requires a large amount of data which are rarely available. In this case, researchers need to get information on the ecological features of the studied species, based on the opinion of experts or on the literature, to construct a qualitative model. However, such models cannot be rigorously evaluated, as in most cases absence points are not available. In this paper, we assess the habitat suitability for a vulnerable insectivorous plant, Pinguicula crystallina Sibth. et Smith subsp. hirtiflora (Ten.) Strid (Lentibulariaceae) in the Campania region. Our aim was to develop an expert-based, presence-only model in support of possible conservation actions. Topographic and geological features of this species suggested by the literature were used in our model. Both the Boyce index and field surveys were chosen to evaluate the model's reliability. During field surveys, 31 absence sites and 1 new presence site were identified, and differences between sites with regard to water chemistry and quality were investigated, water being an element in the species habitat. Factors that affect reliability of the model, such as the lack of a large amount of information on the species and the limited spatial resolution of geographical information system data, are discussed. 相似文献
In two‐stage group sequential trials with a primary and a secondary endpoint, the overall type I error rate for the primary endpoint is often controlled by an α‐level boundary, such as an O'Brien‐Fleming or Pocock boundary. Following a hierarchical testing sequence, the secondary endpoint is tested only if the primary endpoint achieves statistical significance either at an interim analysis or at the final analysis. To control the type I error rate for the secondary endpoint, this is tested using a Bonferroni procedure or any α‐level group sequential method. In comparison with marginal testing, there is an overall power loss for the test of the secondary endpoint since a claim of a positive result depends on the significance of the primary endpoint in the hierarchical testing sequence. We propose two group sequential testing procedures with improved secondary power: the improved Bonferroni procedure and the improved Pocock procedure. The proposed procedures use the correlation between the interim and final statistics for the secondary endpoint while applying graphical approaches to transfer the significance level from the primary endpoint to the secondary endpoint. The procedures control the familywise error rate (FWER) strongly by construction and this is confirmed via simulation. We also compare the proposed procedures with other commonly used group sequential procedures in terms of control of the FWER and the power of rejecting the secondary hypothesis. An example is provided to illustrate the procedures. 相似文献
The mothMimorista pulchellalis was monitored over 2 years after liberation in a jointed cactus (Opuntia aurantiaca) infestation in South Africa. Moth and cactus densities were estimated using a system of randomly-assigned quadrats and the
impact of the moth on the cactus population quantified. Moths appeared adapted to survive on the etiolated form of jointed
cactus plants, killing approximately 1% of the increment in small plants annually. Large plants were also attacked but damage
was negligible. The moths occurred in low numbers throughout the study period and generally went through 3 generations in
a year.
Résumé La pyraleMimorista pulchellalis a été surveillée durant les deux années qui suivirent sa libération dans une infestation de figuier de Barbarie en Afrique
du Sud. Les densités de pyrale et de cactus ont été estimées en utilisant un système de quadrats distribués au hasard et l'impact
de la pyrale sur la population de cactus a été quantifiée. Les pyrales semblaient adaptées à survivre sur la forme étiolée
des plants de cactus tuant approximativement 1% de l'accroissement annuel des petits plants. Les gros plants étaient aussi
attaqués, mais les dégats étaient négligeables. La pyrale existait en faibles nombres durant toute la période d'étude et elle
présentait généralement 3 générations par an.
1. 1. The objective of this paper is to investigate the indoor environment from the viewpoint of interaction between physical environment and the human responses. The field survey has been conducted over 1 year.
2. 2. A continuous measurement has been carried out for 1 week and distribution of variables have been measured for 1 day.
3. 3. The attitude of workers was investigated by a questionnaire.
4. 4. As the result, average luminance represented more than 1000 lx in the new building, in contrast with less tha 300 lx in the existing building.
5. 5. There was a significant difference of the occupants' response to the light environment between the two buildings.
6. 6. Measured thermal conditions are on the edge of the ASHRAE comfort envelope in summer, and in the neighborhood of the lower dry limit of the envelope in spring.
7. 7. The occupants' evaluations were remarkably changed before and after the moving. The office environment is better than that of the factory.
The vegetables germplasm conservation programme in Poland was started in 1982, activities under this program resulted up to
this date in building up a tomato germplasm collection of 782 accessions that are available for distribution to breeders and
researchers in Poland and abroad. Between 1990 and 1999 we distributed 651 tomato seed samples to breeders and scientists
in Poland, and 95 samples to users abroad. During 1990 – 1999 the 652 tomato accessions were evaluated for 43 traits of plants
and fruits. Work is in progress to expand the collection and identify useful characteristics of the collected material, and
to make use of them in breeding and other research works. 相似文献
Microbial diversity and distribution are topics of intensive research. In two companion papers in this issue, we describe the results of the Cariaco Microbial Observatory (Caribbean Sea, Venezuela). The Basin contains the largest body of marine anoxic water, and presents an opportunity to study protistan communities across biogeochemical gradients. In the first paper, we survey 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence diversity using both Sanger- and pyrosequencing-based approaches, employing multiple PCR primers, and state-of-the-art statistical analyses to estimate microbial richness missed by the survey. Sampling the Basin at three stations, in two seasons, and at four depths with distinct biogeochemical regimes, we obtained the largest, and arguably the least biased collection of over 6000 nearly full-length protistan rRNA gene sequences from a given oceanographic regime to date, and over 80 000 pyrosequencing tags. These represent all major and many minor protistan taxa, at frequencies globally similar between the two sequence collections. This large data set provided, via the recently developed parametric modeling, the first statistically sound prediction of the total size of protistan richness in a large and varied environment, such as the Cariaco Basin: over 36 000 species, defined as almost full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence clusters sharing over 99% sequence homology. This richness is a small fraction of the grand total of known protists (over 100 000–500 000 species), suggesting a degree of protistan endemism. 相似文献
The wolfberry (Lycium barbarumL.) fruit has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and food, but fruits grown in various geographic areas are significantly different in quality and content of functional components. In this study, we tested the internal nutritional ingredients and related environmental factors using forty-two wolfberry fruits collected from seven wolfberry producing regions in China (Yinchuan and Zhongning in Ningxia, Jingyuan in Gansu, Nuomuhong Farm in Qinghai,Hangjinhouqi and Wulateqianqi in Inner Mongolia, and Jinghe in Xinjiang). The nutritional ingredients of the forty-two wolfberry fruits are dependent on the environment. Correlation analysis revealed that the amount of nutrients was highly related to each other. Based on the analysis ofratio of total sugar to betaine (sugar-alkali ratio), we have successfully established quality standards for the wolfberry based on the levels of betaine and sugar. The standards were as follows: high betaine low sugar (sugar-alkali ratio≤15.1), high betaine medium sugar (15<sugar-alkali ratio≤60), medium betaine medium sugar (60<sugar-alkali ratio≤121), medium betaine high sugar (121<sugar-alkali ratio≤165), and low betaine high sugar (sugar-alkali ratio>165). Zhongning of Ningxia is the geo-authentic producing region of the wolfberry, whereby the wolfberries are rich in main pharmacological ingredients Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) and three trace elements (iron, manganese and selenium) and medium sugar-alkali ratio. In addition, the correlation analysis showed that both the altitude and average temperature difference between day and night had positive effects on the wolfberry flavonoids content but the annual sunshine duration negatively affected the betaine contents of the wolfberry fruit. 相似文献